[26] Harris later reported that he and his men killed four of the attackers while losing three of their own number, and that "four or five" more of his group drowned in the river while attempting to escape. Their barking would at once have betrayed us, and frustrated our design. Regina Leininger, captured by Indians during the French and Indian War, is buried in the churchyard of Christ Lutheran in Stouchsburg, the town where she lived with her mother after they were reunited by a hymn. [70], Muhlenberg's narrative states that the younger girl who had been held captive with Regina was now eleven and refused to be separated from her. There we had the mournful opportunity of witnessing the cruel end of an English woman, who had attempted to flee out of her captivity and to return to the settlements with Col. Armstrong. This novel, based on their experiences, focuses on the faith that sustained them during their captivity. A sudden Indian raid changed their lives forever. As she likely had no family left, Mrs. Leininger took her in as well and the three departed together. Leininger, Barbara -- Captivity, 1755-1759 -- Juvenile fiction Leininger, Barbara -- Childhood and youth -- Juvenile . Alone Yet Not Alone is based on the true story of sisters Barbara and Regina Leininger, who were captured by Delaware Indians during the French and Indian War circa 1755. [18], After firing several shots, the Lenape first attacked the Swiss farmer Jean Jacques Le Roy[n 4] before setting his house on fire. [44], Pennsylvania suffered a crushing defeat when Lenape war chief Captain Jacobs and 100 warriors burned down the newly constructed Fort Granville, considered one of the strongest-built forts in all of the Americas, on July 31, 1756. Thanking God that He had himself prepared a way for us across these first waters, we got on board and pushed off. But each new morning something new to dread. Upon learning of the ambush and subsequent attacks, the Seneca chief Belt of Wampum[n 5] gathered thirty of his own men and set out in pursuit of the perpetrators, although it's not known if they met with any success. Three days later, an Englishman who had escaped was also recaptured and tortured to death. 1. We might have had bacon, too, but we took none of it, for it was not good. Alone yet Not Alone, Enthuse Entertainment (2013). We had to put back, and let one of our men convey one of us across at a time. [10] The Penn brothers then hired the three fastest runners in the colony to take the "walk" and had paths secretly cleared and marked ahead of them. 10:30 PM on Feb 7, 2014 CST Millions will be watching Betty Regina Leininger on live TV Tuesday as she makes the biggest decision of her career. Owen Gibson lost his flint and steel. Believing that their forefathers had made such an agreement the Lenape leaders agreed to let the Penns have this area walked off. After the English had withdrawn, we were again brought back to Kittanny, which town had been burned to the ground. Which murders and fights and burns far and wide, Florida. This story retells the heroic and daring escape of Barbara Leininger, and the touching reunion with her sister, Regina, after nine years. Captain H. M. M. Richards, a descendant of Muhlenberg, contends in his "The Pennsylvania-German in the French and Indian War" (Vol. [15][26][28], At Shamokin, they found a gathering of Lenape painted all in black who had come from the Ohio and Allegheny River Valleys. He was immediately shot down and scalped. War breaks out between the rival parties, ending only with the pitiless slaughter of the defeated Turnus by Aeneas. Before Ginsburg, state-funded schools didn't have to admit women. It is hard to describe the anxious fears of a poor woman under such circumstances. Our provisions were at an end; Barbara Leininger fell into the water and was nearly drowned; and, worst misfortune of all ! On the sixteenth of March, in the evening, Gibson reached Barbara Leiningers hut, and, at ten oclock, our whole party, consisting of us two girls, Gibson, and David Breckenreach, left Moschkingo country of the Dellamottinoes. [32] Later that year, a law was passed that subjected the commonwealth's troops to military discipline, and in 1757, the last vestiges of pacifism fell as military service was made compulsory for men in Pennsylvania.[32]. The Indians gave us enough to do. Marker is at or near this postal address: 27 Longs Church Lane, Womelsdorf PA 19567, United States of America. Leave a message for others who see this profile. After a brief consultation we resolved, heedless of path or trail, to travel straight toward the rising of the sun. 2 Early in the morning of the 16th of October, 1755, while le Roy 's hired man went out to fetch the cows, he heard the Indians shooting six times. Amidst such torments, this woman lived from nine o'clock in the morning until toward sunset, when a French officer took compassion on her, and put her out of her misery. 9 We and all the other prisoners heartily wished him success and Gods blessing upon his undertaking. A sudden Indian raid changed their lives forever. It was the first of a series of deadly raids on Pennsylvania settlements by Native Americans allied with the French in the French and Indian War. But she was almost immediately recaptured, and condemned to be burned alive. "The Leininger family settled deep within America's new frontier in the Blue Mountains of Pennsylvania. Previous . "[11] Nevertheless, the Iroquois did not consult the Lenape or the Shawnee before selling the land eleven years later to Pennsylvania and Connecticut. It is easy to imagine what an impression such fearful instances of cruelty make upon the mind of a poor captive. Eleven settlers were either murdered or taken captive. Nor could the Iroquois Confederacy, which ostensibly had authority over all of the Native American tribes in the region and which had thus far remained neutral in the war. Answer: The consequences of being an indigenous prisoner were the terror of being taken from his life and family, the abandonment of his culture and the forgetfulness of everything he had lived before he was captured. Most heartily did we thank God in heaven for all the mercy which he showed us, for His gracious support in our weary captivity, for the courage which he gave us to undertake our flight, and to surmount all the many hardships it brought us, for letting us find the road which we did not know, and of which He alone could know that on it we would meet neither danger nor enemy, and for finally bringing us to Pittsburgh to our countrymen in safety. The movie adaption was made in 2013. There we again had to clear the plantations of the Indian nobles, after the German fashion, to plant corn, and to do other hard work of every kind. In Thee will we trust, be Thou ever near, [15][21], Two of the Lenape then traveled to the Leininger household, approximately a half-mile away. Walking Purchase, (Aug. 25, 1737), land swindle perpetrated by Pennsylvania authorities on the Delaware Indians, who had been the tribe most friendly to William Penn when he founded the colony in the previous century. There has been a book written by Tracy M. Leininger. The Penn's Creek massacre was an October 16, 1755 raid by Lenape (Delaware) Native Americans on a settlement along Penn's Creek,[n 1] a tributary of the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania. First, they scalped her; next, they laid burning splinters of wood, here and there, upon her body; and then they cut off her ears and fingers, forcing them into her mouth so that she had to swallow them. They took part in Pontiac's Rebellion from 1763 until 1764, a multi-tribal effort to counter British control of the Great Lakes region, Ohio and Illinois. When she was dead, the Indians chopped her in two, through the middle, and let her lie until the dogs came and devoured her[57]. Toward evening the rest of the savages returned with six fresh and bloody scalps, which they threw at the feet of the poor captives, saying that they had a good hunt that day. Family Members. Does he attempt to escape from the savages, he knows in advance that, if retaken, he will be roasted alive. Their purpose was to measure out a land purchase that Thomas Penn, the son and heir of William Penn, claimed his father had made from the Delaware fifty years earlier. It is known that Jacob Le Roy survived captivity because his name appears on a later deed in which he sold Le Roy family property, but there is no record of how or when he came to be freed. [51], The Lenape took their prisoners through forests and swamps, avoiding roads where they might be discovered. The two girls were separated early in their captivity. At the time of the raid, Regina was nine years old would raised among the Indians until the end of Pontiac's War. [23], Several of the Lenape took the prisoners (as well as horses and provisions they had plundered) from the Le Roy and Leininger households into the forest where they were joined by the rest of the Lenape warriors, who brought with them six scalps and stated that they had had a good hunt that day. We remained at this place for about one year and a half. Marie and Barbara, and two boys that were captured managed to escape after about 3 and a half years of captivity. A sudden Indian raid changed their lives forever. We were, however, not allowed to speak with him. Fish such as sturgeon, pike and a variety of shellfish such as clams, oysters, lobsters and scallops were an important part of their food supply. Barbara escapes the Indians while a captive in Ohio (along with several other young captives) 3 1/2 year later which would make her about 15 or 16 years old. N 40 52.392 W 077 03.978 will take you to a small picnic area with parking, that is a popular spot to put kayaks into the creek, and swim, as well. Besides, she presented her with pelts for mocasins. Author Biography: Reuben Weiser (1807-85) was a Lutheran clergyman and author. Although Le Roy and Leininger's captivity experience, like the New extreme England captive, encompassed physical hardship and imposed labor, their interpretation of those experiences differed from the Puritan account in a significant way. Father Francesco Giuseppe Bressani. They thought we were Indians, and wanted us to spend the night where we were, saying they would fetch us in the morning. And Thou wilt bear me all life through, And in the end Alas, what great hardships are yet in store [24] Later, some of the Lenape went back into the settlement and resumed killing, returning in the evening with nine more scalps and five more prisoners: Hanna Breilinger's husband, Jacob, had been killed and she and her two children taken captive. Many came from all over the state. Some Lenape Indians preferred longhouses to wigwams, because more family members could live in a longhouse. On the seventh we found that we had reached the Little Beaver Creek, and were about fifty miles from Pittsburgh. After having, in the past three years, seen no one of our own flesh and blood, except those unhappy beings, who, like ourselves, were bearing the yoke of the heaviest slavery, we had the unexpected pleasure of meeting with a German, who was not a captive, but free, and who, as we heard, had been sent into this neighbourhood to negotiate a peace between the English and the natives. She was held captive for nine years when Colonel Buque forced the Shawnee to abandon their captives in 1764. A full explica tion of Le Roy and Leininger's narrative needs to consider female agency and subjectivity as they are reflected in the events of the narrative and in the appro priation of the women's authorial voice by a male editor. The Catch and Release section of Penns flows through a remote and wild canyon thats only accessible on foot or bicycle, no motor vehicles are allowed. [43], Although often a powerful speaker, Teedyuscung's chronic alcohol use also led to quarrelsome, drunken outbursts and occasional bouts of tears that made him a less-than-reliable leader and exasperated his colonial allies;[46] he was eventually outmaneuvered by the Pennsylvanian colonial government's representative Conrad Weiser and the Iroquois and failed to obtain the rights to the Wyoming Valley for his people. This caused a panic among the Native Americans of western Pennsylvania, who decided to sign the Treaty of Easton and abandon the war. He asked us whether we could speak good Indian ? He advised Harris to return home immediately by way of the east side of the Susquehanna. Philadelphia gedruckt und zu haben in der teut schen Buchdruckerey das Stuck vor 6 Pentz. Welche vierthalb Jahr unter den In dianern gefangen gewesen, und am 6 ten May in dieser Stadt glucklich angekommen. At least 8 other markers are within 4 miles of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Thou wilt not leave me in the dark When falls the night; For round my path and in my soul Thou art the Light To guide me with Thy sweet control. By putting the reader into the mind of Regina Leininger in present tense, Keehn is able to create a dramatic tension that holds the reader. Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. on June 1, 2022, 203 pages, 14 unnumbered pages of plates : 24 cm, There are no reviews yet. [68], Nine-year-old Regina Leininger was separated from her sister Barbara early in their captivity and given as a slave to an old Lenape woman, along with a two-year-old girl who had been captured from another settlement. There has been a book written by Tracy M. Leininger. On the fifteenth we left Fort Ligonier, under protection of Captain [Philip] Weiser and Lieutenant Atly, 16 for Fort Bedford, where we arrived in the evening of the sixteenth, and remained a week. 2 What happened to Barbara and Regina Leininger? The Lenape had been angered by years of European settlers encroaching on their land. [60], Three years after the Penn's Creek massacre, in October 1758, a combined French-Indian army was defeated by the British in the Battle of Fort Ligonier. They remained there for nine months, until September 1756. The Catch and Release section is locally know as The Project. They brought their wives and children from Lockstown, 11 Sackum, Schomingo, Mamalty, Kaschkaschkung, and other places in that neighbourhood, to Moschkingo, 12 about one hundred and fifty miles farther west. As the group headed back along the west side of the Susquehanna on October 25, they were ambushed by twenty or thirty Lenape in what is now the northern end of the borough of Selinsgrove. Marie and Barbara, and two boys that were captured managed to escape after about 3 and a half years of captivity. Soon after these occurrences we were brought to Fort Duquesne, where we remained for about two months. They sent ahead of them several advance parties of Lenape. Gauging the panic that was spreading throughout the province, he had strongly urged Governor Morris and his fellow assemblymen that military force was necessary in the face of the Native American threat. Simply click on the name of the captive to advance to their particular narrative. She was given a Bible and a fire was built, but just as she was about to be thrown into the flames, a young Lenape begged so earnestly for her life that she was spared on condition that she promise not to run away again and that she stop crying. What happened to the Native Americans of Pennsylvania? And now, that we imagined ourselves so near the end of all our troubles and misery, a whole host of mishaps came upon us. The stories of the three captive Penn's Creek girls who eventually found freedom again have been fictionalized in three young adult novels and a film, with each girl happening to narrating one. She cares for her sister as much as she can, risking her life to try to be with her. Most of the tribes have their own tribal laws and are not subject to state laws. For the French told us that, if they caught him, they would roast him alive for five days, and many Indians declared that it was impossible for him to get safely through, that he was destined for death. [16], Before dawn on October 16, a group of eight Lenape warriors attacked the settlement of Penn's Creek. Barbara and Regina were separated. They then surrounded the House of Assembly and placed the rotting corpses in its doorways. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. In the 1996 United States v . The story of the Lenni-Lenape did not end with the removal from their land. [20] A spring that emerges from the ground near the site where his body was discovered is today known as Le Roy's Spring, and the tiny stream that flows from it into Penn's Creek is known as Sweitzer's (Swisser's) Run. In desperation, hundreds of Berks County German settlers marched on Philadelphia on November 25, 1755[37] carrying with them the scalped and mutilated bodies of some of their murdered neighbors. On the third day the whole band came together and divided the spoils. They dragged poor Barbara down from the loft, and proceeded to eat the leftover breakfast food, and then to ransack the cabin, eating or taking all the foodstuffs they could find. [32] From December 10 to 11, a half-dozen Lenape killed or kidnapped members of five farming families along the Pohopoco Creek in what is now Towamensing Township. After having spent a day at Pittsburg, we went, with a detachment under command of Lieutenant Mile, 15 to Fort Ligonier. [32] By early 1756, construction was underway on a chain of frontier forts, including Fort Augusta in the northern Susquehanna Valley, that ran along the Blue Mountains from the Delaware River to the Maryland line. Thereupon they plundered the homestead, and set it on fire. Forced to go along, the now 15-year-old Marie Le Roy and Barbara Leininger met a 21-year-old Scottish captive there named David Breckenridge. Rev. Search the history of over 806 billion [67], At the end of this narrative, Barbara and Marie listed the names, place of capture and last known locations of over 50 other captives they had met during their time with the Lenape, in order that their relatives might know they were still alive and have hope of seeing them again. Rowlandson's suffering in captivity was understood as both a physical ordeal and a spiritual test. It was one of these Lenape advance parties which came upon the settlement at Penn's Creek, located on the west branch of the Susquehanna River, in the early morning hours of October 16, 1755. There, they demanded rum, but none was in the house so they were given tobacco instead. In that event, John Penn's uncles (Thomas Penn and John "The American" Penn) had produced a copy of what was likely an unsigned draft of a deed which had been drawn up 50 years earlier, when their father William Penn had been considering buying land from the Lenape; it stated that the Lenape had sold William Penn as much land in their valley as could be walked by a man in a day-and-a-half. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. In the evening we got to the Ohio at last, having made a circuit of over one hundred miles in order to reach it. We had to pass many huts inhabited by the savages, and knew that there were at least sixteen dogs with them. Three of the preteen girls who were taken captive regained their freedom after years of slavery, and their stories have been popularized in several young adult novels and a film. Jean Jacques Le Roy is called John Jacob Le Roy and John Jacob King in various sources. [15], Le Roy's son, also named Jean Jacques and called Jacob, fought with his father's killers but was overpowered and taken captive, along with his 12-year-old sister Marie and another young girl who was living in the house[20] (Mary Ann Villars). [47], The ultimate fates of Peter Lick and his two sons, Hanna Breilinger and one of her two children, and Mary Ann Villars have been lost to history. Full of anxiety and fear, we fairly ran that whole night and all the next day, when we lay down to rest without venturing to kindle a fire. [26], On either that same day or the next, the Lenape crossed the Susquehanna and attacked settlements at Hunter's Mill. They settled fifteen miles from Fort Schamockin. On the third day, however, Owen Gibson shot a deer. "[42][43] There were fears that this would encourage indiscriminate killing of innocent Native Americans by those seeking payment, but as only eight scalp bounties were paid out by Pennsylvania during the entire colonial period, it appears that few were either willing or able to pursue such rewards. [69], Regina Leininger was by this time eighteen years old. [4][5] Two of the men in this Pennsylvania delegation were Benjamin Franklin and John Penn, the grandson of the province's founder, William Penn. Her mother searched and. We are, however, heartily willing to give to all such as have, or believe to have, connections among the Indians, any further information which may lie within our power. Yet little sorrow would hunger me cost We got on board and safely crossed the river. You must all die!". On the fourteenth of March, Marie le Roy was sent back to the town, in order to fetch two young dogs which had been left there; and, on the same day, Barbara Leininger came out of her hut and visited a German woman, ten miles from Moschkingo. What is the purpose of polyvinyl alcohol? We two girls, as also two of the horses, fell to the share of an Indian named Galasko. Most Native Americans were forced to leave Pennsylvania during the 1700s, when eastern tribes were being displaced by colonial expansion. Regina was among . In English, the opening lines are "Alone yet not alone am I, though in this solitude so drear, I feel my Savior always nigh". Half a pound was given us daily. Barbara escaped after 3 1/2 years of captivity. This was the first act of hostility by the Indians of this province following the defeat of General Edward Braddock, July 9, 1755. When he screamed for a drink of water, they poured melted lead down his throat, which killed him instantly. Believing they had no choice, four Lenape chiefs signed an agreement to abide by the terms of the deed after their more powerful allies the Iroquois, whose protection the Lenape were under by an agreement between the two tribes wherein the Iroquois were the "men" and the Lenape the "women" in their relationship,[n 2] refused to intervene on their behalf.