Around 60% of plants currently online and in development inject biomethane into the gas distribution network, with a further 20% providing vehicle fuel. In the case of constant energy production by the CHP unit, a high utilization rate can only be achieved with a significantly higher heat demand than covered by the biogas plant (Gsewell et al. The rise of biogas use to energy recovery has been shaped by two main factors: policy support that encourages biogas production and use; and feedstock availability (IEA, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.033, Paturska A, Repele M, Bazbauers G (2015) Economic assessment of biomethane supply system based on natural gas infrastructure. This Guide is designed to close any existing gaps in knowledge and to escort potential plant operators and other involved parties through the various planning phases of a biogas project through to project realisation. This document sets out the methodologies for calculating greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of biomethane. This paper presents a systematic review of utilization pathways for biogas and evaluates the business models associated with each pathway. However, the business model is not widespread, so there is no reliable information on profitability. Clean Techn Environ Policy 19:14371447. (1) Regulation 2 (interpretation) is amended as follows. Compared to CNG upgrading, CHP use leads to higher GHG savings, which, under favorable conditions, can lead to profitability even with a comparatively low CO2 price (Patrizio et al. Capture and subsequent storage of CO2, known as Bioenergy with Carbon Capture & Storage (BECCS), is one option for making biogas production CO2-negative (Rosa et al. These include, for example, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses (Natural & Bio Gas Vehicle Association 2019) and ships (Backman and Rogulska 2016). The elemental composition analysis and biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was used to determine the properties and potentials of wastes from selected Thailand fruits including lady-finger. Part of the generated heat is needed to operate the digester. The various business models that are conceivable based on the utilization pathways are presented. The geographical focus is on European countries (n=16). This business model is not discussed for Europe. 2009). 2012; Yuan et al. 2019). On the one hand, the CO2 price can ensure that fossil alternatives become financially less attractive compared to biogas and, on the other hand, additional revenues can be achieved in the production and sale of biogas through the sale of certificates. 2016; Watter 2019). Comparing the possibilities of producing H2 from biogas, steam reforming leads to twice the H2 yield compared to power generation with subsequent electrolysis (Wnning 2021). Most biogas digesters are some variation of this teapot shape. Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris climate agreement . The EBSCOhost database was used for the systematic literature review. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef502778u, Grsch N, Trox C, Saidi A, Zrner W, Grner V, Baumktter D, Brgging E, Wetter C, Gltzl M, Kilburg U, Gleich J, Wagner R, Vogt R (2020) Biogas nach dem EEG(wie) kanns weitergehen? The profitability of a CHP unit increases with high shares of heat utilization, e.g., by nearby industry or households (Goulding and Power 2013), so the idea of this utilization pathway is to raise the rate of heat utilization (of the externally available heat) to 100%, if possible (Gsewell et al. Other biogas plants in the vicinity, which can cooperate for joint upgrading, are essential for this (Dotzauer et al. Biomass Bioenergy 127:105295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105295, Chen S, Chen B, Song D (2012) Life-cycle energy production and emissions mitigation by comprehensive biogas-digestate utilization. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.07.060, Bragana I, Snchez-Sobern F, Pantuzza GF, Alves A, Ratola N (2020) Impurities in biogas: analytical strategies, occurrence, effects and removal technologies. 2009; Owczuk et al. Energies 12:3184. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163184, Yuan D, Wang J, Huang X, Mao X-F, Hong Z, Cao Y, Li J (2015) Emission reduction effects of biogas micro-digesters: a case study of rural households in Kaixian China. (2014) and Hring et al. It can be assumed that power storage and flexible generation from H2 and biogas will complement each other. Biogas is a renewable energy that can be used in various ways, which is a major advantage of the technology. 2019). Direct use is studied mainly in the Asian and African regions. 2020; Lauven et al. The aim of the paper was determined by reviewing the title, abstract and keywords. Biomass Bioenerg 127:105264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105264, Patrizio P, Chinese D (2016) The impact of regional factors and new bio-methane incentive schemes on the structure, profitability and CO2 balance of biogas plants in Italy. In addition, financial support for biogas plants in the form of feed-in tariffs for power or biomethane or investment subsidies is also conceivable. The actions to adapt an existing biogas plant to this utilization pathway are, firstly, the identification of potential heat sinks in the immediate proximity of the biogas plant, and, secondly, the adjustment of the generation profile to heat consumers. Fuel 226:686697. 2021). Heating systems or gas stoves, therefore, do not have to be replaced (Banja et al. Bioresources and Bioprocessing We thank the three anonymous reviewers at Bioresources and Bioprocessing whose comments improved and clarified this manuscript significantly. As with anything, biogas production plants of any size will need regular maintenance to keep them running efficiently, as oil will need to be changed and debris from organic matter will need to be removed. Therefore, the long-term perspective of using the natural gas grid for biomethane is uncertain. Figure3 shows that the number of relevant papers has increased over the last few years. Size of this JPG preview of this PDF file: 452 599 pixels. It has also been found that when biogas is compressed, it can be used as an effective fuel for vehicle transportation. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. 2020) or the optimal process route, ranging from the upgrading technology to the transportation and utilization method, for biogas (Mohtar et al. In the long term, it is being discussed whether the natural gas infrastructure can be used to distribute H2 leading towards the elimination of the use of fossil fuels (Dodds and Demoullin 2013). The dual use of biogas and biodiesel to compensate for the low energy density of biogas saves up to 40% in fuel costs, according to one manufacturer (Kruczyski et al. However, a carbonneutral energy system of the future cannot work with natural gas, as it generates GHG emissions when used. The latter shows that the investigation of biogas business models is focused mainly on the last decade and has increased slightly over time. Currently around 3.5 Mtoe of biomethane are produced worldwide. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.044, Noussan M, Raimondi PP, Scita R, Hafner M (2021) The role of green and blue hydrogen in the energy transitiona technological and geopolitical perspective. Subsequently, an overview of the business models discussed is given by a systematic literature review. The range of the CHP units in which the biomethane can subsequently be used extends from 1 kWel to 10 MWel. volume9, Articlenumber:59 (2022) With low conversion efficiencies and significant negative health impacts from indoor air pollution, many developing economies are trying to shift consumption away from traditional use. In industry, hydrogen is used, e.g., in refineries, in chemical production or in the future also in the steel and iron industry, as these will renounce the use of natural gas and coal in order to decarbonize. 2019). These business models are examined independently of any specific region and should, therefore, be considered independently of local funding programs. Appl Energy 184:840852. The discussion of the results is followed by a conclusion. 2019). Another advantage is that the infrastructure for distributing and using the biomethane has already been established (Cavana and Leone 2019). In this work, a novel way to produce PHB sustainably and cost-effectively was studied. For example, biomethane can meet methane-based needs in industry or serve as a fuel for heavy-duty transportation. 2019). Customers for the biomethane fuel in the proximity who have their own machines and vehicles, but also logistics companies or bus fleet operators are relevant for the success of this sales channel. CAS There are already initial studies showing that it is possible to produce CO2 for food market utilization. Cookies help us deliver our services. Biogas production comes from the breakdown of organic materials - food waste, manure, agriculture waste and even more - in an anaerobic digestive process (that means without the use of oxygen). Renew Energy 99:573583. Energy Environ Sci 14:30863097. 2021). The profitability of the business model is influenced primarily by the amount of the available overcapacities in comparison to the nominal load, schedule design and the amount of external heat use (Daniel-Gromke et al. Financial support is given to flexible power generation, with the aim of making the power from biogas usable for the system (Strmer et al. Biogas is a naturally occurring and renewable source of energy, resulting from the breakdown of organic matter. 2019). Int J Hydrogen Energy 42:2771827731. Several business models within each pathway were identified in the literature. This paper presents a spatially explicit method for making regional estimates of the potential for biogas production from crop residues and manure, accounting for key technical, biochemical, environmental and economic constraints. Following this categorization, the results of the literature review are presented below. Original file (2,645 3,507 pixels, file size: 5.99 MB, MIME type: application/pdf, 232 pages) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.045, Mohtar A, Ravi A, Ho WS, Choy CW, Hashim H, Muis Ab, Zarina Yunus NA, Hassim MH, Mah AXY (2021) Mathematical optimisation of biogas production and utilisation. By contrast, there is the possibility of a heat demand-oriented flexibilization of the biogas plant. Furthermore, the amount of additional revenue is influenced by the size of the biogas storage capacity (Lauven et al. The latter enables the energy generation to be adapted to a demand for power or heat, or is driven by price signals. Over the same period, there have also been significant changes and improvements in the technologies used. Anaerobic Digestion Operator Guidebook 2021). For this report, the different individual types of residue or waste were grouped into four broad feedstock categories: crop residues; animal manure; the organic fraction of MSW, including industrial waste; and wastewater sludge. 1. In the transport sector, there are already passenger cars that run on hydrogen (Alves et al. Google Scholar, Alves HJ, Bley Junior C, Niklevicz RR, Frigo EP, Frigo MS, Coimbra-Arajo CH (2013) Overview of hydrogen production technologies from biogas and the applications in fuel cells. A state-of-the-art comprehensive review is carried out to elaborate on the . Energy crops also require fertiliser (typically produced from fossil fuels), which needs to be taken into account when assessing the life-cycle emissions from different biogas production pathways. 2021), a market ramp-up in this area is hardly to be expected (Adler et al. There is also growing interest in biogas production from agricultural waste, since domestic livestock markets are responsible for almost one-third of methane emissions in the United States (USDA, 2016). Energy Convers Manage 119:338351. The use of captured CO2 is a research interest that has emerged mainly in recent years. An alternative method is to use a biogas storage to compensate the fluctuations in the demand curve (Gsewell et al. The digester is designed for a constant output, therefore, the flexibilization requires the adaptation of components (Liebetrau et al. However, the trend of rising natural gas prices since 2016 could contribute to better profitability in the future (Banja et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.01.012, Bisaglia C, Brambilla M, Cutini M, Fiorati S, Howell M (2018) Methane/ gasoline bi-fuel engines as a power source for standard agriculture tractors: development and testing activities. Research interest is concentrated in Europe, especially Germany (n=15, e.g., (Butemann and Schimmelpfeng 2020; Theuerl et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.07.047, Patrizio P, Leduc S, Chinese D, Dotzauer E, Kraxner F (2015) Biomethane as transport fuela comparison with other biogas utilization pathways in northern Italy. 9, 59 (2022). The reason is the more economical cost of the energy system and the biomass use being more economical in other sectors (Korberg et al. Biogas could find a long-term sales market in a hydrogen based energy system. Chem Eng Technology 43:15711577. Specific energy crops, i.e. The most commonly used pathway for biogas is in decentralized CHP units. Dissertation, Universitt Stuttgart, Gandiglio M, Drago D, Santarelli M (2016) Techno-economic analysis of a solid oxide fuel cell installation in a biogas plant fed by agricultural residues and comparison with alternative biogas exploitation paths. Adler P, Billig E, Brosowski A, Daniel-Gromke J, Falke I, Fischer E (eds) (2014) Leitfaden Biogasaufbereitung und -einspeisung, 5., vollstndig berarbeitete Auflage. Hasan, A. M., & Ammenberg, J. Today there is around 18GW of installed power generation capacity running on biogas around the world, most of which is in Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom. The aim here is also to use the biomethane as a fuel in the mobility sector. Abstract. 1. Almost two-thirds of biogas production in 2018 was used to generate electricity and heat (with an approximately equal split between electricity-only facilities and cogeneration facilities). Energies 14:416. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020416, Watter H (2019) Regenerative energiesysteme. Energy Policy 128:402410. Biogas is actually one form of technology that could provide a powerful solution to many problems in a clean and efficient way. This utilization pathway is influenced by the acceptance of use of biogenic CO2, e.g., in the food industry, and the costs and revenues of CO2 storage. Renew Energy 53:121131. In addition to these subsidies, credit facilities have made progress in a few countries, notably a recent lease-to-own arrangement in Kenya that financed almost half of the digester installations in 2018 (ter Heegde, 2019). However, unlike wind and solar PV, biogas plants can operate in a flexible manner and so provide balancing and other ancillary services to the electricity network. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.104, Butemann H, Schimmelpfeng K (2020) Long-term electricity production planning of a flexible biogas plant considering wear and tear. Ann Fac Eng Hunedoara 2(3):179190, Miltner M, Makaruk A, Harasek M (2017) Review on available biogas upgrading technologies and innovations towards advanced solutions. Archaea love water . The differentiation between traditional and modern does not apply for liquid and gaseous bioenergy, since both are produced using advanced technologies. The possibilities of flexible CHP use and upgrading appear promising in the literature. 2013). 2018). In the European context, a shift from investigating combined heat and power use to upgrading the biogas produced is evident. One way to implement pooling is to sell raw biogas to the operator of the upgrading plant. 2016), with three main distinctions: Using the biogas directly, for example, in machines or facilities in agricultural operations; and. Appl Energy 157:2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-012-0513-2, Rosa L, Sanchez DL, Mazzotti M (2021) Assessment of carbon dioxide removal potential via BECCS in a carbon-neutral Europe. Natural gas plays a central role in the heat supply particularly in countries with well-developed public natural gas grids, especially for supplying households and industry. Bioenergy Europe, Brussels, Belgium, Capodaglio AG, Callegari A, Lopez MV (2016) European framework for the diffusion of biogas uses: emerging technologies, acceptance, incentive strategies, and institutional-regulatory support. It has already led to the biogas industry developing differently in different countries as a result of various support programs. In this approach, biogas is upgraded to biomethane in upgrading plants and fed into the natural gas grid. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.002, Braga LB, Silveira JL, Da Silva ME, Tuna CE, Machin EB, Pedroso DT (2013) Hydrogen production by biogas steam reforming: a technical, economic and ecological analysis. Other studies, including those which studied the use of biogas in gas boilers in Denmark and the EU, said that heat supply through district heating and individual electric heat pumps are better solutions compared to the use of biomethane. 2019). Anica Mertins. 2010), and since 2013, there has been an increasing number of publications in this field (Hahn et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2019.01.005, Kemausuor F, Adaramola MS, Morken J (2018) A review of commercial biogas systems and lessons for Africa. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2016.1176557, Fischer E, Postel J, Ehrendreich F, Nelles M (2016) Energetische Bewertung von landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen mithilfe des mittleren Brennstoffausnutzungsgrades. Google Scholar, Bhatia RK, Ramadoss G, Jain AK, Dhiman RK, Bhatia SK, Bhatt AK (2020) Conversion of waste biomass into gaseous fuel: present status and challenges in India. It is treated in many publications in the literature. from investigating combined heat and power use to upgrading the biogas produced is evident. 2020), Bali (Bner et al. A positive net present value can be achieved with flexible operation of the existing CHP unit without an investment in new units under certain conditions (Grim et al. The use of solid biomass is typically categorised as either traditional or modern, and currently demand is split roughly equally between the two. 2018; Strmer et al. 4). It can be consumed either in solid, liquid or gaseous form, and by far the most prevalent use of bioenergy today is solid biomass (around 90%). The main search term biogas had to be included in the title of all candidate papers. There are stand-alone digesters which operate as organic recycling businesses in community settings or farm digesters which help farmers manage nutrients, reduce odours, and generate additional farm revenue. 2014). If regulations in the area of the carbon emission trading systems are strengthened, additional revenue can be generated through the negative CO2 balance (Carranza-Abaid et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE02897D, European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2020) Countries overview of AF infrastructure. The future development in the area of GHG neutrality is relevant here. Biomass Bioenerg 122:457465. (2012) Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. Future use of CHP is only viable with high flexibility. Twenty-six relevant papers were identified for the biogas upgrading pathway. The search terms include business model/business case/economic, use/utilization/usage and pathway/path in various combinations. A major influence in the future will be the CO2 price, which will contribute to the profitability of various potential biogas utilization paths in the long term. Cartographic Pattern Recognition Based on Semantic Modelling of Geographic Phenomena, Kleine Anfrage Der Abgeordneten Thomas Drflinger, Peter Wei (Emmendingen), Conny Mayer (Baiersbronn), Dr, Faltblatt Demoladen EU-Wahl 04 Print2.Indd, Committee Coordinators in the European Parliament, Entschlieungsantrag Der Abgeordneten Dirk Fischer (Hamburg), Georg Brunnhuber, Dr, Ranking European Parliamentarians on Climate Action, Regierungschefin Merkel Im Kanzleramt in Berlin: Knnten Sie Uns Den Rotwein Bringen?, Interessenvertretung Waffenbesitz Ev Burhar, Die Vorsitzenden Und Geschftsfhrer Der CDU-Landes-, Bezirks- Und Kreisverbnde Seit 1945, Section 06 Design and Production Dessin Et Production, EU ELECTIONS Factsheet: Meps That Voted for NATURE in the COMMON FISHERIES POLICY, Gewhlte Europaabgeordnete Nach Bundeslndern Mit Hintergrundinformation (Sofern Vorhanden) (Stand: 26, Call for Support the Meps Interest Group European, Die Aussprache. Biogas production depends on a biological process, so it can't be completely controlled. 2019). Regarding existing biogas plants, which were originally designed for base load operation, two retrofitting options for flexible generation are available: they can be adapted for flexible power production either by lowering the rated output or by increasing the power generation capacity. Possible heat sinks can, for example, be owned by the biogas plant or neighboring agricultural companies, residential or public buildings, or agricultural drying processes (Herbes et al. In addition to its use in households, the use of biomethane is also interesting in industries that rely on the use of methane-based energy sources for heat generation, such as the iron and steel industry. Deutsche Energie-Agentur, Berlin, Dodds PE, Demoullin S (2013) Conversion of the UK gas system to transport hydrogen. This document sets out the 'actual value method' and 'default value method' for calculating lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of biomethane from biogas for . Biogas production from vinasse has both economic and environmental advantages (Reis and Hu, 2017;Parsaee et al., 2019). 2020). As it produces a form of gas, special biogas stoves have now been made to allow people to cook using it. 2012). Other countries such as Denmark, France, Italy and the Netherlands have actively promoted biogas production. The H2 is currently transported via trucks as there is no existing H2 grid. 2013), but heat-led operation is also being investigated (Ertem and Acheampong 2018; Gsewell et al. The precise composition of biogas depends on the type of feedstock and the production pathway; these include the following main technologies: Biogas is considered as one of the most promising biofuels having potential to mitigate, in some extent, growing concerns on fossil fuels, pertaining to energy crisis and climate change [1, 2].It is a mixture of mostly methane (CH 4) and carbon dioxide (CO 2), which, being purified to CH 4, can be used for generation of heat or electricity, liquefaction into methanol . The upgrading of biogas to biomethane becomes cheaper with increasing biogas volumes due to cost degression in investments costs; therefore, this pathway is particularly interesting for large biogas plants. Energy Procedia 114:60306035. The aim here is to reduce energy purchase costs so that it is economically more advantageous to consume the energy produced by the biogas plant on-site instead of purchasing power from the grid or thermal energy from other external sources (Gsewell et al. The connection of technical utilization pathways with the consideration of possible business models plays a central role in the design of future energy supply, such as the use of biogas. Keep up to date with our latest news and analysis by subscribing to our regular newsletter. Biogas is produced through the processing of various types of organic waste. Biomethane represents about 0.1% of natural gas demand today; however, an increasing number of government policies are supporting its injection into natural gas grids and for decarbonising transport. Energies 11:2984. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11112984, Korberg AD, Skov IR, Mathiesen BV (2020) The role of biogas and biogas-derived fuels in a 100% renewable energy system in Denmark. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2019.09.003, Strmer B, Leiers D, Anspach V, Brgging E, Scharfy D, Wissel T (2021a) Agricultural biogas production: a regional comparison of technical parameters. Currently, about 75% of biogas plants in the EU use the biogas for CHP production (Caldern et al. 2016; Owczuk et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.11.022, International Energy Agency (2020) Key World Energy Statistics 2020, Jaber N, Noguchi N, Wakabayashi S, Tsukamoto T (2009) The development of control algorithm for the dual-fuel engine of a biogas tractor - biogas flow optimization based on engine parameters. 2015). Upgrading of biogas to hydrogen has not been investigated much yet, but could play a significant role in the future. Certain industrial subsectors, such as the food and drink and chemicals, produce wet waste with a high organic content, which is a suitable feedstock for anaerobic digestion. Energies 12:1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081565, Hornbachner D, Kryvoruchko V, Gikopoulos C, Dos Santos M, Targyik-Kumer L, Adler R, Klein E (2009) Wirtschaftliche Chancen der Biogas-Versorgung netzferner Gas-Tankstellen gegenber konventioneller Erdgas-Versorgung: Bundesministerium fr Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie, Horschig T, Adams PW, Rder M, Thornley P, Thrn D (2016) Reasonable potential for GHG savings by anaerobic biomethane in Germany and UK derived from economic and ecological analyses. (2015) also compared the on-demand production of power to baseload operation and evaluates technical requirements and economic impacts of on-demand production. There is a possibility to further use the captured CO2, which is currently not a common practice (Billig et al. Germany's wealth of experience in biogas technology is nowincreasingly in demandat an international level. Gbor Rkhely, Kornl L. Kovcs x Published: October 16, 2013 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077265 Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Abstract Abstract It is generally accepted as a fact in the biogas technology that protein-rich biomass substrates should be avoided due to inevitable process inhibition.